Meet Peter Imanuelsen, aka Peter Sweden, the bigoted conspiracy theorist who is a frequent source for the American on Europe

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Peter's Church is the oldest church in Malmö, as well as the oldest preserved building, and originally the only parish church of the city. For the first time, Sweden found itself in a defensive war.

I just got a letter from the Norwegian army. In April 2018, he announced that he would no longer be an active member of the Swedish Academy. With the numbers of Charles' army reduced to some 23,000, with several wounded and handling the siege of Poltava, his general had a clearly inferior force to face the fortified and modernized army of Tsar Peter, with some 45,000 men.

Meet Peter Imanuelsen, aka Peter Sweden, the bigoted conspiracy theorist who is a frequent source for the American on Europe

For the 1925 Swedish film, see. For the horse, see. Charles XII, sometimes Carl : Karl XII or to Carolus Rex 17 June 1682 — 30 November 1718 , was the from 1697 to 1718. He belonged to the , a branch line of the. Charles was the only surviving son of and. He assumed power, after a seven-month , at the age of fifteen. Charles XII Born 17 June 1682 , Sweden Died 30 November 1718 1718-11-30 aged 36 , Norway Burial 26 February 1719 , Stockholm Father Mother Religion Signature In 1700, a triple alliance of , — and launched a threefold attack on the Swedish protectorate of and provinces of and , aiming to draw advantage as the was unaligned and ruled by a young and inexperienced king, thus initiating the. Leading the against the alliance Charles won multiple victories despite being usually significantly outnumbered. A major victory over a Russian army some three times the size in 1700 at the compelled to which Charles then rejected. By 1706 Charles, now 24 years old, had forced all of his foes into submission including, in that year, a decisively devastating victory by Swedish forces under general over a combined army of and Russia at the. Russia was now the sole remaining hostile power. Charles' subsequent met with initial success as victory followed victory, the most significant of which was the where the smaller Swedish army routed a Russian army twice the size. The campaign ended with disaster when the Swedish army suffered heavy losses to a Russian force more than twice its size at. Charles had been incapacitated by a wound prior to the battle, rendering him unable to take command. The defeat was followed by the. Charles spent the following years in exile in the before returning to lead an assault on Norway, trying to evict the Danish king from the war once more in order to aim all his forces at the Russians. Two campaigns met with frustration and ultimate failure, concluding with his death at the in 1718. At the time, most of the Swedish Empire was under foreign military occupation, though Sweden itself was still free. This situation was later formalized, albeit moderated in the subsequent. The result was the end of the , and also of its effectively organized and war machine, commencing unique for continental Europe, which would last for half a century until royal autocracy was restored by. Charles was an exceptionally skilled military leader and tactician as well as an able politician, credited with introducing important tax and legal reforms. With the war consuming more than half his life and nearly all his reign, he never married and fathered no children. He was succeeded by his sister , who in turn was coerced to hand over all substantial powers to the and opted to surrender the throne to her husband, who became King. The 15-year-old Charles in 1697 as king of the Swedish Empire Charles, like all kings, was styled by a royal title, which combined all his titles into one single phrase. This was: We Charles, by the Grace of God King of Sweden, the and the , , of , , and , of , Duke of , and , Prince of and Lord of , and also by the , Duke in , of —, as well as Duke of , and , Count of , and and Lord of. The fact that Charles was crowned as Charles XII does not mean that he was the 12th king of Sweden by that name. Swedish kings 1560—1568 and 1604—1611 gave themselves numerals after studying of Sweden. He was actually the 6th King Charles. The non-mathematic numbering tradition continues with the current King of Sweden, , being counted as the equivalent of Charles XVI. Around 1700, the monarchs of , Saxony ruled by elector , who was also the king of and Russia united in an alliance against Sweden, largely through the efforts of , a nobleman who turned traitor when the of Charles XI in 1680 stripped much of the nobility of lands and properties. In late 1699 Charles sent a minor detachment to reinforce his brother-in-law Duke , who was attacked by Danish forces the following year. A Saxon army simultaneously invaded Swedish Livonia and in February 1700 invested , the most populous city of the Swedish Empire. Russia also declared war August 1700 , but stopped short of an attack on until September 1700. Charles's first campaign was against Denmark—Norway, ruled by his cousin , For this campaign Charles secured the support of England and the Netherlands, both maritime powers concerned with Denmark's threats to close. Leading a force of 8,000 and 43 ships in an invasion of , Charles rapidly compelled the Danes to submit to the in August 1700, which indemnified Holstein. Having forced Denmark—Norway to make peace within months, King Charles turned his attention upon the two other powerful neighbors, King August II cousin to both Charles XII and Frederick IV of Denmark—Norway and of Russia, who also had entered the war against him, ironically on the same day that Denmark came to terms. Russia had opened their part of the war by invading the Swedish-held territories of and. Charles countered this by attacking the Russian besiegers at the November 1700. The Russians outnumbered the Swedish army of ten thousand men by almost four to one. Charles attacked under cover of a blizzard, effectively split the Russian army in two and won the battle. Many of Peter's troops who fled the battlefield drowned in the. The total number of Russian fatalities reached about 10,000 at the end of the battle, while the Swedish forces lost 667 men. Charles did not pursue the Russian army. Instead, he turned against Poland-, which was formally neutral at this point, thereby disregarding Polish negotiation proposals supported by the Swedish parliament. Charles defeated the Polish king and his allies at the in 1702 and captured many cities of the Commonwealth. After the deposition of Augustus as king of the , Charles XII put as his puppet on the Polish throne 1704. Russian resurgence Charles XII and at the after by While Charles won several decisive battles in the Commonwealth and ultimately secured the coronation of his ally and the surrender of Saxony, the Russian Tsar embarked on a military reform plan that improved the Russian army, using the effectively organized Swedes and other European standards for role models. Russian forces managed to penetrate and established a new city, , there. Charles planned an , allying himself with , of the. The size of the invading Swedish army was peeled off as Charles left Leszczyński with some 24,000 German and Polish troops, departing eastwards from Saxony in late 1707 with some 35,000 men, adding a further 12,500 under marching from Livonia. Charles left the homeland with a defense of approximately 28,800 men, with a further 14,000 in Swedish Finland as well as further garrisons in the Baltic and German provinces. Peter the Great managed, however, to ambush Lewenhaupt's army at before Charles could combine his forces, thus losing valuable supplies, artillery and half of Lewenhaupt's men. Charles' Polish ally, Stanisław Leszczyński, was facing internal problems of his own. Charles expected the support of a massive Cossack rebellion led by Mazepa in Ukraine, with estimates suggesting Mazepa of being able to muster some 40,000 troops, but the Russians subjugated the rebellion and destroyed its capital before the arrival of the Swedish troops. The harsh climate took its toll as well, as Charles marched his troops for winter camp in. By the time of the decisive , Charles had been wounded, one-third of his infantry was dead, and his supply train was destroyed. The king was incapacitated by a coma resulting from his injuries and was unable to lead the Swedish forces. With the numbers of Charles' army reduced to some 23,000, with several wounded and handling the siege of Poltava, his general had a clearly inferior force to face the fortified and modernized army of Tsar Peter, with some 45,000 men. The remainder of the army surrendered days later at under Lewenhaupt's command, most of them including Lewenhaupt himself spending the rest of their days in Russian captivity. The Swedish defeat at Poltava in 1709 marks the downfall of the , as well as the founding of the. Exile in the Ottoman Empire Royal Monogram The initially welcomed the Swedish king, who managed to provoke between the Ottomans and the Russians. His expenses during his long stay in the were covered by the Ottoman state budget, as part of the fixed assets Demirbaş in Turkish , hence his nickname Demirbaş Şarl Fixed Asset Charles in Turkey. Eventually a small village named Karlstad had to be built near to accommodate the ever-growing Swedish population there. However, the sultan 's subjects in the empire eventually got tired of Charles' scheming. His entourage also accumulated huge amounts of debts with Bender merchants. The did not shoot Charles during the , but captured him and put him under house-arrest at nowadays and. During his semi-imprisonment the King played chess and studied the and the naval architecture of the Ottoman galleons. His sketches and designs eventually led to the famous Swedish war ships Yaramaz and Yıldırım. Great Britain, an adversary of Sweden, defected from its alliance obligations while Prussia attacked Swedish holdings in Germany. Russia occupied Finland the 1713 — 1721. After defeats of the Swedish army, consisting mainly of Finnish troops in the Battle of and the Battle of , the military, administration and clergymen escaped from Finland, which fell under Russian military regime. Augustus II regained the Polish throne. Pomerania and Norway Bringing Home the Body of Charles XII. A painting by , 1884 Charles agreed to leave Constantinople and returned to. He made the journey on horseback, riding across Europe in just fifteen days. He traveled across the Habsburg Kingdom of Hungary to Vienna and arrived at. A medal with Charles on horseback, his long hair flying in the wind, was struck in 1714 to commemorate the speedy ride. It reads Was sorget Ihr doch? Gott und Ich leben noch. What worries you so? God and I live still. After five years away, Charles arrived in Sweden to find his homeland at war with Russia, Saxony, Hannover, Great Britain and Denmark. Sweden's western enemies attacked southern and western Sweden while Russian forces traveled across Finland to attack the Stockholm district. For the first time, Sweden found itself in a defensive war. Charles' plan was to attack Denmark by striking at her possessions in Norway. It was hoped that by cutting Denmark's Norwegian supply lines the Danes would be compelled to withdraw their forces from Swedish Scania. He occupied the capital of , modern Oslo , and laid siege to the there. Due to a lack of heavy siege cannons he was unable to dislodge the Norwegian forces inside. After suffering significant losses of men and materiel, Charles was forced to retreat from the capital on 29 April. In the following mid-May, Charles invaded again, this time striking the border town of , now , in an attempt to capture the fortress of. The attacking Swedes came under heavy cannon fire from the fortress and were forced to withdraw when the Norwegians set the town of Fredrikshald on fire. Swedish casualties in Fredrikshald were estimated at 500 men. While the siege at Fredrikshald was underway, the Swedish supply fleet was attacked and defeated by in the. In 1718 Charles once more invaded Norway. With a main force of 40,000 men, he again laid of Fredriksten overlooking the town of Fredrikshald. Charles was shot and killed during the siege. The invasion was abandoned, and Charles' body was returned to Sweden. A second force, under , marched against with 10,000 men but was forced to retreat. In the march that ensued, many of the 5,800 remaining men. Carl XII's sarcophagus in Riddarholmen Church, Stockholm While inspecting trenches close to the perimeter of the fortress on 11 December 30 November , 1718, Charles was struck in the head by a projectile and killed. The shot struck the left side of his skull and exited from the right. The definitive circumstances around Charles's death are unclear however. Despite multiple investigations of the battlefield, Charles' skull and his clothes, it is not known where and when he was hit, or whether the shot came from the ranks of the enemy or from his own men. There are several hypotheses as to how Charles died, though none can be given with any certainty. Although there were many people around the king at the time of his death, there were no witnesses to the actual moment he was struck. The most likely explanation is that Charles was killed by the Dano-Norwegians as he was within easy reach of their guns. There are two possibilities that are usually cited: that he was killed by a musket shot, or that he was killed by from the nearby fortress. More sinister theories claim he was murdered: One claim is that the killer was a Swedish compatriot and asserts that enemy guns were not firing at the time Charles was struck. Suspects in this claim range from a nearby soldier tired of the siege who wanted to put an end to the war, to a murderer sent by Charles's own brother-in-law, who profited by the event by subsequently taking the throne as. Another possible murderer was Frederick's aide-de-camp, André Sicre, who confessed during a state of delirium brought on by fever but later recanted. It is also suspected that a plot to kill Charles may have been put in place by a group of wealthy Swedes who would benefit from the blocking of a 17% wealth tax that Charles intended to introduce. In the museum there is a display with a lead filled brass button - Swedish - that is claimed by some to be the projectile that killed the king. Charles's body has been exhumed on three occasions to ascertain the cause of death; in 1746, 1859 and 1917. The 1859 exhumation found that the wound was in accordance with a shot from the Norwegian fort. In 1917, his head was photographed. A bullet fired by a nearby assassin would have hit him with a much higher speed, so the conclusion is that the King was killed by a stray grapeshot from the nearby fortress. Charles was succeeded to the Swedish throne by his sister,. As his duchy of required a male heir, Charles was succeeded as ruler there by his cousin. Charles never married and fathered no children of whom historians are aware. In his youth he was particularly encouraged to find a suitable spouse in order to secure the succession, but he would frequently avoid the subject of sex and marriage. Instead he made it clear that he would marry only someone of his own choice, and for love rather than dynastic pressures. His lack of mistresses may have been due to a strong religious faith. Rumours that he was a hermaphrodite were quelled in 1917 when his coffin was opened and he was shown to have suffered no physical irregularities. In his conversations with Löwen, he also stated that he did not lack taste for beautiful women, but that he held in his sexual desires for fear that they would get out of control if unchecked, and that if he committed to something like that, it would be forever. Some historians suggest that he resisted a marriage with Denmark which could have caused a family rift between those who dynastically favoured Holstein-Gottorp. But writing in the 1960s, Hatton argues that Wurttemberg was very much heterosexual and the relationship is just as likely to have been that of teacher-pupil — suggesting instead that Charles simply had an interest in the opposite sex never consummated. Charles XII Exceptional for abstaining from alcohol and sex, he felt most comfortable during warfare. Contemporaries report of his seemingly inhuman tolerance for pain and his utter lack of emotion. His brilliant campaigning and startling victories brought his country to the pinnacle of her prestige and power, although the Great Northern War resulted in Sweden's defeat and the end of her empire within years of his own death. Throughout the 19th century's Charles XII was viewed as a national hero. He was idealized as a heroic, virtuous young warrior king, and his fight against Peter the Great was associated with the contemporary Swedish-Russian enmity. The date of Charles' death was chosen by a student association in for annual torch marches beginning in 1853. In 1901, in his play Karl XII broke with the heroization practice, showing an introverted Charles XII in conflict with his impoverished subjects. In the 1930s, the Swedish Nazis held celebrations on the date of Charles XII's death, and shortly before the outbreak of World War II, Adolf Hitler received from Sweden a sculpture of the king at his birthday. In the late 20th century, Swedish nationalists and neo-Nazis had again used 30 November as a date for their ceremonies, however these were regularly interrupted by larger counter-demonstrations and were abandoned. Scientific contributions Apart from being a monarch, the King's interests included mathematics, and anything that would be beneficial to his warlike purposes. He is credited with having invented an , which he considered more suitable for war purposes because all the boxes used for materials such as were cubic. According to a report by contemporary scientist , the King had sketched a model of his thoughts on a piece of paper and handed it to him at their meeting in Lund in 1716. The paper was reportedly still in existence a hundred years later but has since been lost. Literature Charles fascinated many in his time. In 1731, wrote a biography of Charles XII,. Voltaire portrays the Swedish king in a positive light, against the brutal nature of. But did not Chance at length her error mend? Did no subverted empire mark his end? Did rival monarchs give the fatal wound? Or hostile millions press him to the ground? His fall was destined to a barren strand, , and a dubious hand; He left the name, at which the world grew pale, To point a moral or adorn a tale. Swedish author Frans G. Bengtsson and Professor Ragnhild Hatton have written biographies of Charles XII of Sweden. Charles XII figures quite prominently in 's magnum opus. August Strindberg's 1901 play The 1925 Swedish film was a silent epic portraying his reign. In 2007, again portrayed Charles XII in the Russian drama. A character based on Charles XII plays a major role in , a series of four novels written by American science fiction and author. In May 2012 the Swedish band released an album named which featured a song of the same name about Charles XII. The song itself and the four following songs tracks 7 to 11 on the album tell the story of Charles XII from his rise to the throne until his death and the fall of the Swedish Empire. The song is on the out-of-print 1996 album Seemed Like a Good idea at the Time and the live 2010 album Uncorked. In one scene, the king has all the women driven out of a bar before he enters, orders mineral water rather than beer, and takes interest in the young male bar assistant, which accords with popular depictions of Charles XII, as a bachelor and teetotaler. Retrieved 29 November 2015. War and German politics, 1648-1806. Archived from on 5 October 2013. In Warme, Lars G. A History of Swedish literature. University of Nebraska Press. From Oxenstierna to Charles XII. From Oxenstierna to Charles XII. Sveriges konsthistoria från forntid till nutid. Sweden, the nation's history. Nazismen i Sverige 1980—1997. In Warme, Lars G. A History of Swedish literature. University of Nebraska Press. In Warme, Lars G. A History of Swedish literature. University of Nebraska Press. Sweden, the nation's history. Damals, als Schweden eine Großmacht war... On the use of Charles XII by nationalists and Nazis in general. Archived from on 21 April 2012. Charles XII of Sweden. History of Charles XII, King of Sweden. Peter the Great: His Life and World. New York City: Ballantine Books. Al Stewart - Official Website. Retrieved 20 November 2015. Retrieved 20 November 2015. Charles XII and the Collapse of the Swedish Empire, 1682-1719 1899. The Life of Charles XII, King of Sweden, 1697-1718 1960. The heroic life of King Charles XII of Sweden St. Warrior kings of Sweden: the rise of an empire in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries McFarland, 2007. Media related to at Wikimedia Commons has the text of the article. Bethune 1848 and Charles Harrison-Wallace 1998 and a comment by the latter.

His brilliant campaigning and startling victories brought his country to the pinnacle of her prestige and power, although the Great Northern War resulted in Sweden's defeat and the end of her empire within years of his own death. I believe the limbo is a lie to further the agenda of. Peter Madsen in 2004. I am pretty certain that the holocaust actually never happened. Retrieved October 11, 2016. In the march that ensued, many of the 5,800 remaining men. Meanwhile Axel is hired to solve a case of cyberbullying. Between a small village named Karlstad had to be built near to accommodate the ever-growing Swedish population there. He is in danger of losing his detective business peter sweden wiki he doesn't pay off his debt. This was: We Charles, by the Grace of God King of Sweden, the and the, of, andofSocial ofandPrince of and Lord ofand also by theDuke inof —, as peter sweden wiki as Duke ofandCount ofand and Lord of.